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10,000 Protest Anti-Father Ads

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DART Campaign Wrap-up (11/24/08)

As many of you know, the anti-father Dallas domestic violence bus ads we protested come down this week (11/30). While the ads remained up a few weeks longer than we desired, overall our campaign was very successful, and I am grateful that so many of you participated.

Among the campaign's achievements:

1) Widespread, positive media coverage which allowed us to educate the public on domestic violence and child abuse. Coverage included CNN, The Associated Press, FOX, CBS, hundreds of radio stations throughout the country, and many newspapers.

This was particularly remarkable considering we launched the Campaign seven days before the presidential election.

2) To its credit, The Family Place, the prominent Dallas-area domestic violence service provider which placed the controversial ads on DART buses, backed away from the gender exclusivity which was previously prominent in their public materials. They changed several areas of their website to specifically include male victims, and issued a statement that "We are not a male-bashing organization. Our services support all victims—male and female, children and adults." Some examples are here and here. I commend them for this.

3) A sub-group of our protesters who I selected called over 50 of The Family Place's financial contributors to express our concerns about the ads. Most contributors said they sympathized with us, and many told us they thought the ads and the subsequent protest were an embarrassment to The Family Place. Many contacted Family Place Executive Director Paige Flink with their concerns.

Several of The Family Place's financial contributors withdrew or reduced the financial gifts they planned for the end-of-the-year giving season. I don't say this with pleasure--I would have preferred that The Family Place do the right thing from the beginning rather than lose the funding they did.

4) Father-bashing is so prevalent in the media today because there is little political cost to be paid for doing it. We launched the campaign in part because we wanted to show that there is a political cost to demeaning fathers, and in that regard we more than succeeded.

5) We compiled an impressive endorsers list which included some of the world's leading authorities on domestic violence, as well as many other experts, media figures, and prominent citizens.

6) Our efforts generated 10,000 calls, letters, and faxes.

7) Our contingent was gender-balanced, including many women who opposed anti-father stereotyping and the ads' noxious message to boys.

One of the Dallas journalists who covered the campaign told me "You guys got 98% of what you wanted." I think 98% is a little high, but we certainly did well. Both I and Fathers & Families--my partner in the DART campaign--again thank all who participated.

Best Wishes,
Glenn Sacks


Several hundred Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) buses feature misleading, father-bashing ads purporting to address the serious issue of domestic violence.

One ad depicts a happy little girl with the message "One day my husband will kill me." Another shows a smiling boy with the message "When I grow up, I will beat my wife."

The kids are talking about their fathers, and their pathology is due to their fathers' violence. The ads perpetuate misleading stereotypes of fathers.

To depict only males as perpetrators of domestic violence, and only females as victims, is a severe distortion. DV research clearly establishes that men account for half of all DV victims and incur a third of DV-related injuries, as women often employ the element of surprise and weapons to compensate for men’s strength.

In earlier years, it was common to see crime stories presented as if only African-Americans and Latinos were perps, and whites their only victims. We now recognize that these distortions are bigoted. DART's ads are the same kind of distortions, only the "perps" are now dads.

The offending ads were placed on the buses by The Family Place, a Dallas Domestic Violence service provider. Family Place Executive Director Paige Flink told Fox News in Dallas that says she designed the ads to provoke, saying "I hope you are offended."

Flink assumes that domestic violence organizations can insult men with impunity. As a general rule, she has been correct--the domestic violence establishment, much of it funded with your tax dollars, has been allowed to get away with serving the public the false woman-as-victim/man-as-monster domestic violence model.

DART Buses & Trains serve a total of 10 million commuters per month. To read the Associated Press' and others' coverage of the ads, click here.

The message of the DART ads is clear--kids need to be afraid of fathers. Boys need to be afraid to grow up to be like dad, and girls need to fear marrying a man like dad.

Dads-as-Monsters ads such as these influence our popular culture, our news media, our legislators, and our family law courts. If you're a divorced dad who can only see his kids a few days a month, or who's the victim of false accusations of abuse, ads like these are one reason.

Two major billboard companies--Clear Channel Outdoor and CBS Outdoor--have already rejected these ads. Jodi Senese of CBS said the ads "can be both misleading and disturbing."

There are three ads in this series--the two mentioned above and also one apparently gender-neutral ad which discusses the issue of domestic violence and teen suicide. We have no problem with the third, but we want the first two--"One day my husband will kill me" and "When I grow up, I will beat my wife"--removed.

We abhor domestic violence and child abuse in all forms, and give credit to agencies like The Family Place which help victims. However, by failing (or refusing) to recognize male victims of domestic violence, the domestic violence establishment and The Family Place harm male victims and their children.

Society once swept domestic violence under the rug, marginalizing abused women and their children. As California's Third District Court of Appeal recognized in a recent decision, today male victims and their children are marginalized. These DART ads are part of that marginalization.

Internationally-recognized domestic violence expert John Hamel, LCSW, a court-certified batterer treatment provider and author of the book Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse, explains:

“Men account for half of all DV victims and incur a third of DV-related injuries. Ignoring female-on-male violence inhibits our efforts to combat domestic violence.”

In the column to the right we provide quotes from numerous internationally-respected domestic violence authorities, all of whom, attest that domestic violence is committed by both men and women.

To learn more about the ads, click here.

We oppose DART's Anti-Father Bus Ads Because:

  • To depict only males as perpetrators of domestic violence, and only females as victims, is a severe distortion of domestic violence research. A mountain of DV research clearly establishes that women are frequently the aggressors in domestic combat, often employing the element of surprise and weapons to compensate for men’s strength.

    The most recent large-scale study of domestic violence was published in the American Journal of Public Health last year. The researchers analyzed data concerning 11,370 respondents. According to the researchers, “[H]alf of [violent relationships] were reciprocally violent. In nonreciprocally violent relationships, women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases.” (This study is illustrated in the diagram at right from the Psychiatric News, 8/3/07).

    A quarter of the women surveyed admitted perpetrating violence, and when the violence involved both parties, women were more likely to have been the first to strike.

    Such findings are consistent with decades of domestic violence research. The National Institute of Mental Health funded and oversaw two of the largest studies of domestic violence ever conducted, both of which found equal rates of abuse between husbands and wives.

    New California Appeal Court Ruling: 'Domestic Violence Is a Serious Problem for both Women and Men'
    "California domestic violence laws violate men's rights because they provide state funding only for women and their children who use shelters and other programs, a state appeals court has ruled.

    "The decision by the Third District Court of Appeal in Sacramento requires the programs to be available to male as well as female victims of domestic violence...

    "Justice Fred Morrison said in Tuesday's 3-0 ruling, the state acknowledges that 'domestic violence is a serious problem for both women and men.'" --(San Francisco Chronicle, 10/16/08)

    California State Long Beach University professor Martin Fiebert maintains an online bibliography summarizing 219 scholarly investigations, with an aggregate sample size exceeding 220,000, which concludes "women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners."

    Nor is this violence trivial. A meta-analytic review of 552 domestic violence studies published in the Psychological Bulletin found that 38% of the physical injuries in heterosexual domestic assaults are suffered by men.

    Dr. Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling of the University of South Alabama says that as she and other researchers grappled with this research, "Every time we tried to say that women's intimate partner abuse is different than men's, the evidence did not support it."

    According to Dr. Donald Dutton, author of Rethinking Domestic Violence, research shows that domestic violence is actually more common in lesbian relationships than in heterosexual relationships. For example, one study of 1,100 lesbian or bisexual women who are in abusive lesbian relationships found that the women were more likely to have experienced violence in their previous relationships with women than in their previous relationships with men.

    Domestic violence service sometimes providers justify their exclusion of male victims by citing crime and/or crime survey statistics which show that most reports of domestic violence are by women. Dr. Dutton explains:

    "Domestic violence 'research' has been misleading, in that data has been extracted from crime reports and/or crime victim surveys – in which men underreport more than women – and have been publicized as indicating domestic violence is a gender issue (male-perpetrator/female-victims).

    "In fact, when larger surveys with representative samples are examined, perpetration of domestic violence perpetration is slightly more common for females..."

    In the column to the right we provide quotes from numerous internationally-respected domestic violence authorities, all of whom, attest that domestic violence is committed by both men and women.

  • The Ads Send the Message That Kids Must Fear Dads, When Most Child Abuse and Parental Murder of Children Is Committed by Mothers, not Fathers The child victims of male violence depicted in the DART ads are, in fact, most likely to be abused by a woman, not a man.

    According to the most recent data available from the US Department of Health and Human Services, mothers are more likely to commit physical child abuse, emotional maltreatment, and neglect than fathers. The only form of child abuse fathers are more likely to commit is the one that’s the most infrequent—child sexual abuse.

    According to Child Maltreatment 2006 (pictured), a report by the Federal Administration for Children & Families, leaving aside killings by nonparents or by mothers and fathers acting together, mothers committed almost three-quarters of the parental murders of children. If one looks only at murders committed by mothers and fathers acting alone, the ratio is over 2 to 1 committed by mothers.

    Leaving aside child abuse by nonparents or by mothers and fathers acting together, mothers committed almost three-quarters of child abuse.

    If one looks only at child abuse committed by mothers and fathers acting alone, the ratio is 2.3 to 1 committed by mothers.

    The data cited here are raw statistics, and all raw statistics are subject to various biases and influences. However, they do very much contradict the DART ads' de facto claim that it's fathers and only fathers who are a threat to their children.

Fathers & Families, a national shared parenting organization, and Los Angeles journalist/radio commentator Glenn Sacks are partnering in a campaign to ask DART to remove these anti-father ads.

Contact Dallas Mayor Tom Leppert & the Dallas City Council

TOM LEPPERT, MAYOR 214/670-4054

DR. ELBA GARCIA, MAYOR PRO TEM -- Place 1 214/670-4052

DWAINE CARAWAY, DEPUTY MAYOR PRO TEM -- Place 4 214/670-0781

PAULINE MEDRANO -- Place 2 214/670-4048

DAVID A. NEUMANN -- Place 3 214/670-0776

VONCIEL JONES HILL -- Place 5 214/670-0777

STEVE SALAZAR -- Place 6 214/670-4199

CAROLYN R. DAVIS. -- Place 7 214/670-4689

TENNELL ATKINS -- Place 8 214/670-4066

SHEFFIE KADANE -- Place 9 214/670-4069

JERRY R. ALLEN -- Place 10 214/670-4068

LINDA KOOP -- Place 11 214/670-7817

RON NATINSKY -- Place 12 214/670-4067

MITCHELL RASANSKY-- Place 13 214/670-3816

ANGELA HUNT -- Place 14 214/670-5415

Call DART Officials

DART Executive Staff

Gary Thomas
President/Executive Director
Phone: 214-749-3070
Fax: 214-749-3655
gthomas@dart.org

Victor Burke
Executive Vice-President, Operations
Phone: 214-749-3013
Fax: 214-749-3230
vburke@dart.org

Ben Gomez
Executive Vice President, Administration
Phone: 214-749-2571
Fax: 214-749-3655
bgomez@dart.org

Sue Bauman
Vice President of Marketing and Communications
Phone: 214-749-2504
Fax: 214-749-3668
sbauman@dart.org

DART Board of Directors
Nancy Johnson, Board Director
Phone: 214-749-3347
Fax: 214-749-3651
NJohnson@dart.org

DART Public Relations

Morgan Lyons
Manager, Media Relations
Phone: 214/749-2662
Fax: 214-749-3669
mlyons@DART.org

Mark A. Ball
Media Representative
Phone: 214/749-3295
Fax: 214-749-3669
mball@DART.org

Dennis Mochon
Assistant Director of Marketing & Advertising
Phone: 214-749-2506
dmochon@dart.org

Debra Bell
Public Relations
Phone: 214-749-2506
dbell@dart.org

Email and Fax DART Officials

Complete the form below to email and fax DART Officials.

RE: Fathers & Families Protests DART's Father-Bashing Ads!

Dear DART Officials:

Several hundred DART buses feature misleading, father-bashing ads purporting to address the serious issue of domestic violence. One ad depicts a happy little girl with the message "One day my husband will kill me." Another shows a smiling boy with the message "When I grow up, I will beat my wife."

To depict only males as perpetrators of domestic violence, and only females as victims, is a severe distortion. DV research clearly establishes that men account for half of all DV victims and incur a third of DV-related injuries, as women often employ the element of surprise and weapons to compensate for men’s strength.

Family Place Executive Director Paige Flink, whose organization created the ads, told Fox News in Dallas that says she designed the ads to provoke, saying "I hope you are offended." Is this the image that DART wants to impart to the hundreds of thousands of families it serves?

The ads' message is clear--kids need to be afraid of fathers. Boys need to be afraid to grow up to be like dad, and girls need to fear marrying a man like dad.

We ask that DART remove these two offensive ads from its buses as soon as feasible. To discuss how this crisis can be resolved, please contact Ned Holstein, MD, MS, Executive Director of Fathers & Families, at (617) 542-9300.

(Note: Fathers & Families does not have a problem with the apparently gender-neutral third ad, which discusses the issue of domestic violence and teen suicide.)

To learn more about our concerns, click here.

News
Glenn Discusses DART Campaign on PJTV (12/10/08)

I'd add this advertisement...
(Dallas Morning News, 12/3/08)

Village Voice Slams DART Campaign (12/1/08)

Domestic Violence or Random Violence (The Stranger [Seattle], 12/1/08)

A dialogue on domestic violence (Dallas Morning News, 11/28/08)

Syndicated columnist Michelle Malkin, Glenn Reynolds (aka "Instapundit") praise Campaign Protesting Father-Bashing Domestic Violence Ads on PJTV (11/26/08)

Taking the fight to the opposition (Instapundit, 11/26/08)

Glenn Discusses DART Campaign on The Morning Beat with Curtis Wright on FM 106.3 in Wilmington, NC (11/21/08)

Controversial Domestic Violence Campaigns: The Family Place Ads (Trend Hunter Magazine, 11/21/08)

Glenn Discusses DART Campaign on WMET AM 1160 in Washington DC (11/17/08)

WNTB FM 93.7 in North Carolina Covers Campaign (11/14/08)

Glenn Discusses DART Campaign on News/Talk AM 1310 WIBA in Madison, WI (11/13/08)

Glenn Discusses DART Campaign on KTOK AM 1000 in Oklahoma City (11/12/08)

Glenn Discusses DART Campaign on Nationally-Syndicated Mike Gallagher Show (11/11/08)

Dallas AM 660 KSKY Covers Campaign (11/11/08)

Glenn Discusses Campaign on KHHT FM 92.3 in Los Angeles (11/9/08)

Facing a painful reality (Dallas Morning News, 11/8/08)

Controversial Bus Ads (Fox 4 News Dallas/KDFW-TV, 11/6/08)

Glenn Debates DART Campaign on CNN's Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell (11/5/08)

Newspaper Columnist Barbara Kay Debates Campaign on AM 640 in Toronto (11/5/08)

Bus ads support bias (Dallas Morning News, 11/5/08)

Family Place's Dallas bus ads shock, but so does domestic violence
(Dallas Morning News, 11/1/08)

KHHT FM 92.3 Morning Show Host Josefa Salinas Criticizes DART Ads (10/30/08)

Campaign Discussed, Debated on The Wells Report on KLIF AM 570 in Dallas, TX (10/30/08)

Campaign Discussed, Debated on The John and Ken Show on KFI AM 640 in Los Angeles, CA (10/29/08)

Glenn Discusses Campaign on WAKR AM 1590 in Ohio (10/29/08)

Dallas Transit throws all men under the bus in male-bashing ad campaign (Canadian National Post, 10/29/08)

From Outside Dallas, A Campaign Against Family Place's Ad Campaign (Dallas Observer, 10/29/08)

Abuse Ads Have Fathers In Texas Crying Foul (CBS National, 10/29/08)

Cute kids, ugly ads? (Kansas City Star, 10/29/08)

Radio Host Al Rantel Criticizes Campaign on KABC AM 790 in Los Angeles (10/28/08)

CBS Covers Campaign Against DART's Anti-Father Domestic Violence Ads (Video) (10/29/08)

Syndicated Columnist Amy Alkon: DART Ads Are 'Ugly, Toxic, and Wrong' (10/28/08)

Fathers protest ad campaign on buses (Associated Press, 10/28/08)

DART Ads Are...
"Really offensive"
--Instapundit Glenn Reynolds, author, TV commentator
"[C]ausing a total uproar...[Dallas] bus riders [find] the ads cringe-worthy..."
--CNN's Jane Velez-Mitchell
"An unfair and inaccurate stereotype of fathers."
--Nationally-syndicated radio host Mike Gallagher
"Ugly, Toxic, and Wrong"
--Nationally-syndicated newspaper advice columnist Amy Alkon
"Shocking and biased"
--Dallas Morning News columnist
James Ragland
"Terrible disparagement of fathers"
--Radio host Mitch Henck, AM 1310 WIBA
"Outright lies"
--Canadian National Post columnist
Barbara Kay
"Highly unfortunate"
--Bill Stephney, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, NJSAC
"Simply False"
--Al Rantel, KABC Radio
"Horrific...I am appalled that this critical subject is being so distorted."
--Claudia Dias, MSC, Domestic Violence Intervention Facilitator
"Terrible. I'm livid that children are being used this way."
--KHHT FM Morning Show Host Josefa Salinas (Los Angeles)
"A rough message"
--Dallas Morning News editorial board
"Very disturbing hate speech against husbands, fathers and even boys"
--Dr. Helen Smith, Journalist/Forensic psychologist
"Way beyond the pale"
--Reid Mullins, Morning Show Host, KTOK AM 1000
"caus[ing] an international backlash."
--Dallas Morning News
"Offensive and damaging...shame on you for exploiting young children this way."
--Curtis Wright, Radio Host, WNTB FM 106.3
"a bad example for children."
--Kathryn Zox, radio host, WMET in Washington DC
Domestic Violence Experts: Research Has Discredited the Woman-as-Victim/Man-as-Perp DV Model
John Hamel, LCSW, a court-certified batterer treatment provider and author of the book Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse:

“Men account for half of all DV victims and incur a third of DV-related injuries. Ignoring female-on-male violence inhibits our efforts to combat domestic violence.”

*****

Dr. Daniel J. Whitaker of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, describing a 2007 study published in the American Journal of Public Health:

“[H]alf of [violent relationships] were reciprocally violent. In nonreciprocally violent relationships, women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases.”

*****

Dr. Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling of the University of South Alabama:

"Every time we tried to say that women's intimate partner abuse is different than men's, the evidence did not support it."

*****

Dr. Donald Dutton, author of Rethinking Domestic Violence:

"My independent research as to gender and domestic violence reveals that women use all forms of domestic violence at least as frequently as do men and with very similar effects on male victims."

*****

A meta-analytic review of 552 domestic violence studies published in the Psychological Bulletin found that 38% of the physical injuries in heterosexual domestic assaults are suffered by men.


*****

Psychology professor Marlene Moretti of Simon Fraser University:

"Both boys and girls who observe their mothers engaging in violence toward her partners tend to use more violence in their romantic relationships. Moreover, such girls are more likely to be aggressive with their peers."

*****

Murray A. Straus, Professor of Sociology and Co-Director Family Research Laboratory University of New Hampshire:

"I have conducted surveys of nationally representative samples of American families funded by the National Institutes of Health in 1975, 1985, and 1992.

"In 2006 I conducted a study of partner violence in 32 nations. In all of these studies, the rate of men victimized by physical and psychological attacks by their partners is about the same as the rate of women victimized by male partners...

"Physical attacks by women account for about a third of the injuries."

*****

Denise A. Hines, Ph.D. of the Family Research Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire:

"[W]hen men with children try to access domestic violence services and are turned away, we deny their children services and put them in danger. There is an unknown quantity of children...who cannot find the services they need to escape their violent mothers, and therefore, they must remain in their homes. Thus, by discriminating against male victims of domestic violence, we are also discriminating against their children and putting both the father and his children at risk. It is imperative, then, to assure that male victims and their children can get access to domestic violence services."

*****

Batterers' Treatment Provider Claudia Ann Dias, MSC, JD:

"It's mandated that I have the Duluth Domestic Violence Power & Control Wheel prominently displayed in the office where I provide batterers' treatment classes. I do, but with one minor modification -- I drew a circle around it and a line going through it."

[In the Duluth theoretical framework, domestic violence is caused by a patriarchal society that sanctions violence by men against their female partners. Women are assumed to be either victims or, when they are found to aggress against their male partners, to be doing so in self-defense.]

*****

John Hamel, LCSW, a court-certified batterer treatment provider and author of the book Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse:

“A recent study [published in the journal Violence and Victims] analyzed data originally obtained through the National Violence Against Women Survey in the mid-90s…[which was] a study which was designed, conducted and analyzed by feminist researchers.

“Researchers looked at 10,000 respondents who were currently married, and found that adult women are just as controlling and jealous towards their male partners as the other way around.

“They also found that the relationship between use of control and jealousy and physical violence existed equally for both male and female respondents, and that ‘intimate terrorists’ can be either male or female.”

*****

Dr. Donald Dutton, author of Rethinking Domestic Violence:

"The domestic violence establishment--of which I was once very much a part--has distorted the research to minimize and ignore female and mutual domestic violence."

*****

California State Long Beach University professor Martin Fiebert maintains an online bibliography summarizing 219 scholarly investigations, with an aggregate sample size exceeding 220,000, which concludes "women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners."

*****

Dr. Donald Dutton, author of Rethinking Domestic Violence:

"Research shows that domestic violence is actually more common in lesbian relationships than in heterosexual relationships."


*****

John Hamel, LCSW, a court-certified batterer treatment provider and author of the book Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse:

"According to the [female] victims themselves, the majority of these cases did indeed involve mutual abuse and, and some featured a dominant female perpetrator whose [male] partner was arrested after fighting back. This clinical data contradicted much of what I had been taught, and led me to conduct an extensive review of the research literature. What I found more than corroborated my clinical findings."

*****

New California Appeal Court Ruling: 'Domestic Violence Is a Serious Problem for both Women and Men'

"California domestic violence laws violate men's rights because they provide state funding only for women and their children who use shelters and other programs, a state appeals court has ruled.

"The decision by the Third District Court of Appeal in Sacramento requires the programs to be available to male as well as female victims of domestic violence...

"Justice Fred Morrison said in Tuesday's 3-0 ruling, the state acknowledges that 'domestic violence is a serious problem for both women and men.'" --(San Francisco Chronicle, 10/16/08)

*****

Dr. Donald Dutton, author of Rethinking Domestic Violence:

"Domestic violence 'research' has been misleading, in that data has been extracted from crime reports and/or 'crime victim surveys – in which men underreport more than women – and have been publicized as indicating domestic violence is a gender issue (male-perpetrator/female-victims). In fact, when larger surveys with representative samples are examined, perpetration of domestic violence perpetration is slightly more common for females..."

*****

Richard James Gelles, PhD, Director for the Center for Research on Youth & Social Policy:

"The real horror is the continued status of battered men as the 'missing persons' of the problem. Male victims do not count and are not counted...

"Federal funds typically pass to a state coalition against or to a branch of a state agency designated to deal with violence against women.

"Thirty years ago battered women had no place to go and no place to turn for help and assistance. Today, there are places to go—more than 1,800 shelters, and many agencies to which to turn. For men, there still is no place to go and no one to whom to turn."

*****

John Hamel, LCSW, a court-certified batterer treatment provider and author of the book Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse:

"[U]nder current policy abused men are both denied services and told, essentially, that they don’t even exist. Ignoring male victims is not only a human rights issue, but also a public health issue. Until all perpetrators of family violence are held accountable for their actions, regardless of gender, our efforts will be limited, with serious implications for future generations."

*****

Dr. Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling of the University of South Alabama:

"I interviewed women in battered women's shelters and wondered why some were leaving in less than a week. The answer, it turned out, is that they too were engaging in violence against their partners, and in some cases had left to pick up the battle again. We weren't helping these women because [by ignoring their role in DV] we were ignoring their paradigm."

*****

John Hamel, LCSW, a court-certified batterer treatment provider and author of the book Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse:

"[T]he majority of mainstream researchers are now acknowledging the gender-inclusive nature of intimate partner abuse."

Copyright © 2008. Sacks Media Group, LLC / Fathers & Families.
All Rights Reserved.